Adimu Nihuka Jr
This is the act of indicating or acknowledging the
sources from where we get the idea and information.
Thus, referencing is an acknowledging your own idea
or information from others peoples works in your own writing. This is sometimes the same as plagiarism but
they differ in meaning and usage.
Plagiarism is the act of using other people’s ideas,
theories, writings or inventions without acknowledging as if they were your
own.
Some scholars refer plagiarism as an “academic
theft”. Plagiarism it is actually the same as cheating.
The Northwestern University (2008) referred to a
plagiarism as “failure to acknowledge the sources from which are we borrow
ideas, examples, words and the progression of thought”.
Macquaries University (2003) had this to say about
plagiarism: Plagiarism involves using
work of another person and presenting it as one’s own.
Also plagiarism can be;
·
Copying out part (s) of any document or
audio visual materials including computer based materials.
·
Using or extracting another person’s
concepts, experimental results or conclusion.
·
Summarizing another person’s work.
Types
of referencing
Referencing can be done inside the text or outside
the text.
This type can be done within the text that you are
writing. This is the type of acknowledgment which uses paraphrases or quotations
that became parts of the text which is being written.
- Paraphrase
in this context are citations in which the writer uses his/her own word to
state the ideas, theories or opinions of another person.
Example
“According to Nihuka (2006:09) there is growing
realization that all human behavior cannot be explained using two dominant
paradigms- cognitivism and behaviorism” (Paraphrase
it)
Answer:
In paraphrasing
“According to Nihuka (2006:09) many scholars are now
realizing that we cannot explain all human behavior by using only the two most
known theories that is the cognivitism and behaviorism theories”.
On the other hand require you to use the exact words
that have been used by the source. You will therefore be required to put those
words between quotation marks. Taking the above text, the only possible way
would be:
“There is growing realization that all human
behavior cannot be explained using two dominant paradigms- cognitivism and
behaviorism”.
Referencing
Styles
There are three major referencing styles:
(1)The APA style
-American Psychological Association
(2)The MLA style
- Modern Language Association
(3)The Chicago style
The Silverman, Hughei and
Wienbroer(2002:130)explained that the APA style is used mainly for social science such as:- Psychology,
Sociology, Anthropology and Economics.
For
citations and quotations
·
The first alternative for this style is
to place the last name or surname of the author at the beginning of the
sentence, followed by publication in branckets/paratheses . i.e. Nihuka
(2009)………..
·
The second alternative is to place the
same at the end of the citation or quotation where both must be in brackets.
·
At the end of all the work, there is
bibliography or reference list which provides: Name of authors in full, date of
publication and publisher and place of publication.
NOTE:
This style uses the past tense to cite the work of an author.
Example:
*Nihuka
(2008:90) argued that……………………………………………………
*…………………………………………………….(Nihuka
2008:90)
*According
to Nihuka(2008:90)……………………………………………………………..
*Nihuka
(2008:90) argued that “………………………………………………………………”
*”……………………………………………………………………..”(Nihuka,
2008:90)
*According
to Nihuka (2008:90), “…………………………………………………………”
From the above examples, Note: as Silverman, Hughes
and Wienbroer(2002:131) explained: Direct quotations are used, the date of
publication must be accompanied by the pages in brackets, and The author’s
surname occurs at the beginning or at the end. Meanwhile, in case of a
paraphrase, it is recommended to include the page number if source is more than
10 pages.
Some works are authored by more than one author. For
works authored by two authors, mention both surnames joined by and.
Example.
Nihuka
and Zamda(2003)…………………………………………………………………
However, when two surnames are in brackets, use an ampersand to join two names.
Example:
(Nihuka
& Zamda, 2013) argued that………………………………………………………….
More
examples:
*According
to Nihuka and Zamda(2013),”……………………………………………………”
*Nihuka
and Zamda(2013) stated that”………………………………………………….”
*”……………………………………………………”(Nihuka
and Zamda, 2013:89)
Sometimes you come across works written by three,
four, or five authors. In such case, mention all the names followed by the year
of publication, when you cite the work for the first time. For the following
citations mention only the first surname followed by the word et al and the date of publication, if it is the
first time in a paragraph.
When you cite some for the second or third time
within the same paragraph; mention first surname followed by the word et al,
but omitting the date.
Example;
*Nihuka
et al (2013) also say that”……………………………………………………………”
-This is the subsequent first citation of the
paragraph
*Nihuka
et al continued explaining that “…………………………………………………………”
-This is the subsequent second citation within the
same paragraph.
Where are some cases where you may come across works
authored by six or more authors. In such case, mention only the first author
followed by the word et al as follows:-
Nihuka, Zamda, Tusana, Gowele, Machimo, and Kidodoma
are co-authors of the same work. When cite this work, mention only the first
surname followed by et al.
Example: Nihuka
et al posited that………………………………………………………
NOTE:
However,
that in the case there are two references that may be shortened to the same
form, you may be required to mention the surnames of many authors as required
for the differentiation of the two readings.
For
instance;
*Reading one, co-authored by Nihuka, Zamda,
Kidodoma, Tusana, Mahfudh and Abdullatif.
*Reading two, co-authored by Nihuka, Zamda,
Kidodoma, Tusana, Mahfudh and Abdullatif.
-In accordance with the principle of mentioning
first surname followed by et al, both reading will be shortened as Nihuka et
al……………………………………………..
-Now to differentiate the two, the following format
will have be used;
*Reading one;
Nihuka, Zamda, Kidodoma, Tusana et al (2013)……………………………
*Reading
two: Nihuka, Zamda, Kidododma, Tusana et al (2013)…………………………….
Where you have two or more authors having the same
surnames you will be required to indicate their initials so as to distinguish
them as shown below:-
Nihuka,
A.S.(2013) and Nihuka, S.N.(2012) shared the same opinion that……………………….
In case you are compelled to cite two or more works
of the same authors at a time, then you must arrange the work according to
their years of publication. In order to state with the earliest publication as
indicated by the following example:-
*Some
studies (Nihuka, 2013, 2014, 2015) indicated that……………………………………
Wherever the two or more publications of the same
author were published in the same year, you will be required to distinguish
them by lettering them (a), (b), and (c) as follow:-
*In
some previous studies (Nihuka 1980a, 1980b) it was clear explained that……………………
If there are two or more authors acknowledged in
brackets, they should arrange alphabetically and separated by a semi-colon as
follow:-
*In various studies
(Nihuka, 1995; Zamda, 1997, Kidodoma, 1998; Tusana,1999) it was explained that……………………………
According to Silverman et al (2002), there are
special cases that require specific attention. These includes:-
- ·
Websites,
- ·
Personal communications, such as e-mail,
sources from the internet, interviews and lectures
- ·
Articles in Journals or newspapers
- ·
Articles in collection
For articles in scholarly journals you have to
indicate the surname of the author and the date of publication in brackets when
you cite the work. However, at the end of the work you have to indicate;
- ·
The author
- ·
The date of publication
- ·
The title of the article
- ·
The title of the journal and its volume
number
- ·
The page covered by the article.
